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| The first attempt to create an image with muons was made around 1968 by Luis Alvarez's team in the Pyramid of Chephren, the second largest pyramid in Giza. When compared to the interior complexity of the other two pyramids of Giza, the pyramid of Chephren has a very simple internal structure, only with a single chamber. It was with this in mind that Alvarez decided to probe the interior of this pyramid in search of unknown chambers and for this he took into account the absorption of the muons by the crossed material and that would show if there was some empty space in the interior if in some direction the muon flux was higher than expected. | High-Z material can be detected and located in three dimensions using radiographs formed by cosmic-ray muons. The detection of these materials hidden inside large volumes of ordinary cargo is an important and timely task given the danger associated with illegal transport of uranium and heavier elements. Existing radiography techniques are inefficient for shielded material, are often expensive and involve radiation hazards, such as gamma rays and X-rays. |
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| The detection equipment, consisting of five planes of spark chambers triggered by scintillation counters, was placed inside the only known Chamber of Belzoni, located at the base and almost at the center of the pyramid. | Muon scattering tomography uses two detection systems with the test subject placed in between to produce a 3D density distribution model of the analysed volume. This technique was developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory as a way to detect nuclear smuggling. |
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| The exposure area covered all directions at ±45° from the vertical and the clear detection of the edges of the pyramid as well as the cap on top of the pyramid, showed that the technique worked and was reliable. Unfortunately, no additional structures were found. | Borozdin et al. (2003) demonstrated that compact high-Z objects can be detected and located in three dimensions with muon radiography. A muon detector portal big enough to analyse trucks was implemented in Freeport, Bahamas (Patnaik et al., 2014). A recent study published by Antonuccio et al. (2017) shows how such a portal works and how one will be built. |
Beginning Applications of Muon Scattering Tomography
High-Z material can be detected and located in three dimensions using radiographs formed by cosmic-ray muons. The detection of these materials hidden inside large volumes of ordinary cargo is an important and timely task given the danger associated with illegal transport of uranium and heavier elements. Existing radiography techniques are inefficient for shielded material, are often expensive and involve radiation hazards, such as gamma rays and X-rays.
Muon scattering tomography uses two detection systems with the test subject placed in between to produce a 3D density distribution model of the analysed volume. This technique was developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory as a way to detect nuclear smuggling.
Borozdin et al. (2003) demonstrated that compact high-Z objects can be detected and located in three dimensions with muon radiography. A muon detector portal big enough to analyse trucks was implemented in Freeport, Bahamas (Patnaik et al., 2014). A recent study published by Antonuccio et al. (2017) shows how such a portal works and how one will be built.
Publication:
"Search for Hidden Chambers in the Pyramids" (Alvarez et al., 1970)